by Doug George-Kanentiio

Francis Pegahmagabow (1891-1952) was a highly-decorated Native soldier who was the most effective sniper in World War I. Photo from Ontario Native Education Counseling Association

The life and tragic death of the US soldier Chris Kyle, along with the release of the biographical film “American Sniper”, has attracted much interest into the role of these concealed and proficient long range killers.

The word “sniper” comes from the snipe bird. Noted for its erratic flight it took considerable skill to shoot a snipe, particularly with the smooth bore muskets and flintlock rifles used by British sportsmen in India where the term was first used. By the 20th century it was used to describe soldiers who were able to use stealth, concealment and accuracy to shoot and kill their opponents.

Prior to the use of the term “sniper,” long range shooters were called either sharpshooters or marksmen. Their origins as distinct components of an organized military unit is rooted among the Native nations of the northeast. Noted for their ability to use camouflage along with their skills at striking targets at a distance, Native fighters were assigned specific victims, particularly officers.

The Native sharpshooter was able to disrupt field movements and cut the chain of command among the European trained armies with their bright uniforms and glittering metal rank adornments. Killing officers was dissuaded in Europe as the rigid brigade formations and highly  orchestrated troop movements would have degenerated into chaos without the strict controls of the officer corps.

At battles such as the July, 1755 engagement at the Monongahela in western Pennsylvania, an English army of over 1500 men were thoroughly defeated by a French-Native (Shawnees, Iroquois, Odawas, Potawatomies) force which used a well designed ambush and sharpshooters to attack from both flanks and in the ensuing panic kill General Edward Braddock. Also in the sights of the Native marksmen was a tall colonel of the Virginia militia named George Washington. He had bullet holes in his officer’s coat and a couple of horses shot beneath him only to escape unharmed but fleeing from the battle like the 500 other survivors. There were 1,000 casualties left behind them.

Washington learned from his near death experience and applied Native tactics against the British twenty years later, including the use of soldiers trained in survival techniques, ambush and marksmanship. This included the use of the Pennsylvania firearm called the “Kentucky Long Rifle” which used a grooved helical barrel invented in Germany but with an arrow equivalent developed by the Iroquois. They used arrows with a twisted feather fletch which caused the projectile to spiral with greater impact.

The Iroquois provided the colonials and the British with formal specialist training with those men called “rangers” in both armies. One unit, the British Butler’s Rangers, caused such fear and hatred among the rebel Americans that any soldier captured with its green uniform was instantly executed.
After the American Revolution the Iroquois continued to instruct its fighters in the military arts of survival off the land and sharpshooting. In the War of 1812 the Iroquois, and particularly the Mohawks’, use of their marksmanship caused such terror among the Americans that they were able to defeat larger US units at a number of battles including Queenston Heights, Chateauguay, Crysler’s Far, Beaver Dams and Sandy Creek.

After that war the Mohawks carried their exceptional skills with a rifle to the far west where they worked as canoeists, traders and hunters for the Hudson’s Bay, Northwest and American fur companies.

Using stealth and accuracy was essential to Native hunters as bringing home game was a necessary skill to provide for their respective families. Native hunters did not kill for trophies as they knew it was essential to have the largest animals pass on their “blood” to the next generation.

In the US Civil War the Union Army actively recruited Native sharpshooters. The Oneida Iroquois were given this task as part of the 14th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment while the 1s Michigant Regiment had an entire unit of Odawa, Anishnabe and Potawatomie marksman (one requirement was to hit a 10” by 10” target at 200 yards). These shooters were hated and feared by the Confederates and because of this they, like the Butler’s Rangers, were summarily executed if caught.

Company K was an all Native regiment of sharpshooters who fought in the Civil War. Photo from Library of Congress

By World War I the Germans realized the effectiveness of sharpshooters. They created a special school called “Scharfsschuten” (sharpshooter) to harass the French and British. Knowing this, the Canadians responded by using their own long distance killers who were called “snipers.”
By far the most effective snipers were Natives and among these Corporal Francis Pegahwagabow of Parry Island in central Ontario, an Anishnabe of the Deer Clan, was the most lethal. Over the course of four years (1914-1918), deeply immersed in the horrors and deprivations of trench warfare, and without the technical support of contemporary snipers, Pegahwagabow killed, at a minimum, 378 Germans with many other probables not formally added. He did not have a specially designed .308 Winchester but used the fickle .303 Ross, a rifle of little use in the trenches as it would not fire if it had the slightest dirt in the chamber or on the cartridge. Yet it proved to have a high rate of fire and was highly accurate for striking distant targets and that it was Pegahwagabow did best.

Pegahwagabow tracked his prey alone for no one else was brave or crazy enough to follow him over the top and into “no man’s land.” He had the incredible ability to control his fears. This sufficiently enabled him to creep into the German trenches and remove uniform insignias and other souvenirs without being detected. The Germans knew he had been there and was out hunting them and used every devise, including heavy artillery, to stop him but Pegahwagabow could not be stopped. Not only did he set the record for the entire war, he also captured over 300 Germans in the highly dangerous “midnight raids” favored by the allies.

Other Natives who recorded numerous kills were Johnson Paudash, Anishnabe, with 88; Henry Norwest, Cree, with a tally of 115 and Philip McDonald, Akwesasne Mohawk, with a mark of 40 verified kills before he died in combat.

By World War II the Germans and Soviets made extremely effective use of snipers with both sides establishing schools to train marksmen. The Soviets were shocked into doing so when they lost over 505 men, and possibly far more, to the Finnish sniper Simo Hayha. In less than 100 days Hayha used his 7.62X 53 (similar to a .308) caliber Mosin-Naganat rifle to kill hundreds of the enemy in temperatures of -40 degrees Celsius and without using a scope. Carefully hidden in snowdrifts Hayhda used only an open sight while remaining invisible in his white camouflage. He was called the “White Death” by the Soviets and was stopped only after being severely wounded by a Russian sniper in 1940.

Hayha holds the world record for recorded kills as a sniper, far eclipsing any American. He is followed by Soviet Russian snipers Nikolay Yakovlevich Ilyin with 469 kills and the female Soviet sniper Lyudmila Pavlichenko with 309. The most famous is Vasily Zaytsev portrayed in the movie “Enemy at the Gates” with 225 confirmed kills and as many as 275 more unconfirmed but probables. Zaytsev played a vital role in stopping the German advance at Stalingrad, the turning point of WWII. Most Soviet snipers were armed with the Mosin-Nagant bolt action rifle but Pavlichenko preferred the Tokarev SVT-40, a semi-automatic rifle capped with a weak 3X scope.

The battle conditions of the snipers in both world wars were far more demanding than in contemporary conflicts. There were no quick extractions, no spy drones, air cover or satellite communications. Field hospitals, if any, were far behind the clash sites as the soldiers fought in conditions which drove many to insanity.

Being a sniper during any of the above eras demanded almost super human patience and the mastering of the most lethal of military skills. It was both intimate and supernatural as it was impossible not to see the victim being targeted as a human being soon to die with the simple application of 2.5 pounds of pressure. This is about what it takes to shake a child’s hand.

Doug George-Kanentiio, Akwesasne Mohawk, is a co-founder of the Native American Journalists Association as well as a former trustee of the National Museum of the American Indian. He is the vice-president of the Hiawatha Institute for Indigenous Knowledge and is the author of “Iroquois on Fire” among other books. He may be reached via e-mail: Kanentiio@aol.com. This article was posted with the permission of the author and was slightly edited. It was originally found at http://www.Indianz.com.